The Greatest Challenges of Trading Psychology - II: Ever-Changing Markets

 

The first post in this series took a look at how one of the greatest challenges to our trading psychology comes from failing to navigate the process of expertise development.  Too often, traders put their capital at risk before they have properly undergone a process of learning grounded in deliberate practice.

In many performance fields that learning process continues throughout one's career.  As soon as a surgeon masters surgical techniques, new approaches to surgery (microsurgery, robotic surgery) come along and promise better outcomes.  That means that physicians always participate in continuing education, updating and upgrading their skills.

Similarly, in business, consumer interests, needs, and demands are ever-changing.  As technology changes, what consumers wanted yesterday (high performing cars) ends up being very different from what they want today (electric motors) and tomorrow (self-driving vehicles guided by AI).  The successful business thus always reinvents itself.  

Financial markets are ever-changing, and that means that any single "edge" in trading cannot be permanent.  A stationary time series is one that is relatively stable with a constant mean and standard deviation.  Tosses of a fair coin form a stationary time series.  I recent asked ChatGPT4 whether financial time series in the stock market are stationary and the response, in part, was: 

"No, stock market time series are generally not stationary.  Stationarity refers to a time series that exhibits constant statistical properties over time, such as constant mean, constant variance and constant autocovariance structure.  In the context of the stock market, prices and returns tend to exhibit non-stationary behavior.

Stock market prices often show trends, meaning they have a tendency to increase or decrease over time.  Additionally, stock market returns typically exhibit volatility clustering, where periods of high volatility are followed by periods of low volatility, and vice versa. These characteristics violate the assumption of stationarity."

What this means in practice is that the patterns exhibited by the market at one point in time can be very different from other times.  Any trading "setup" that worked in the recent past has no guarantee of working in the future.  Volumes change as market participants change.  That alters volatility and trends.  Just like the surgeon or business person, the successful trader has to reinvent themselves to find new sources of "edge".  Failure to detect market changes and adapt to those is one of the greatest challenges to our trading psychology.  In such cases, it's not simply that our psychology undermines our trading.  Our inability to recognize market shifts creates our drawdowns--and that undermines our psychology.

Many traders ground their edge in a particular set of market conditions:  trend, momentum, bullish or bearish movement, etc.  This makes these traders inherently vulnerable.  The real edge in financial markets is the ability to detect when markets change and identify the nature of that change.  Too many traders simply label markets as "directional" or "choppy".  They make money in the directional markets and lose money in the chop.  This has recently been the case among many stock market traders.

A more promising view is that there are at least three kinds of markets:  trending, cycling, and rotating.  It is often the rotating market that appears to be choppy and impossible to trade.  If, however, we recognize the nature of the rotation, then we can trade trends and cycles in the strongest and weakest market sectors.  (Consider tech stocks and real estate shares in the recent market, for example).  In the rotational market, we have to look under the hood to see what is trading in coherent patterns.  That might point us to AI stocks; it might point us to regional banking shares.  In other macro markets (FX, rates, commodities), rotational conditions might lead us to trade in relative terms rather than outright (long West Texas Intermediate crude vs. short Brent crude, for example) or trade spreads within a given asset class (trading shapes of the yield curve in rates, for instance).  

A successful approach to trading would not first look for trends or reversals.  It would look for conditions of stationarity.  We would first identify what is trading meaningfully.  Not one in ten traders do that.  They look for *their* kinds of markets and impose their meaning onto what they're trading.  That is fertile ground for emotional upheaval. 

Because markets are ever-changing, we must be ever-flexible.  Just as a football team adjusts its offense to field conditions and the defense they're facing; just as a restaurant adjusts its menu to adapt to a new breed of young diner, we have to adjust our trading in the face of markets that sometimes trade in trends, sometimes in cycles, and sometimes rotationally.

An open and flexible mindset is best positioned to be a positive mindset.

Further Reading:

How to Adapt to Changing Markets

Why Volume is So Important to Trading

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The Greatest Challenges of Trading Psychology - I: Trauma

 

There is a common assumption among traders that if they are falling short of their performance expectations, it must be because of their mindset.  If only they can maintain a positive mind frame, the thinking goes, they will be able to succeed.  There is an element of truth of this, and there is an important sense in which it is seriously misguided.

Research suggests that, when we are in our best frames of mind--and especially when we are operating with optimal well-being--we will be more productive and also more creative.  We will engage in our best trading when we are trading consciously, with what I have called a high mental Sharpe ratio.  The right kind of trading interests us, gives us energy, and doesn't deplete us.  The positive mind frame is both a contributor to good trading, and it is also the result of good trading.  Importantly, the proven change methods of psychology can help us find, not only positive emotional experience, but a deep spiritual fulfillment.  That can help make trading personally as well as financially rewarding.  In that sense, trading is not simply about making money.  It is one among many paths toward becoming the greatest person we can be.

It's a logical fallacy, however, to assume that because positive mindset is necessary for optimal trading, then trading success will necessarily follow from improving our mindset.  Negativity can interfere with the performance of an elite athlete, but reaching that elite status requires far more than a positive mind frame.  Mastery is a complex combination of inborn talents, available opportunities, and skills acquired through deliberate practice.  No amount of positivity can substitute for the experience required to gain mastery in any performance domain.  Trading the right way is just as likely to generate positive emotional experience as positivity will help our trading.  

Notice that, in any performance field, the process of gaining mastery is separate from the process of professional performance.  That is, a basketball team will practice offense and defense during the week before playing a weekend game; a singer will practice with a coach before performing in a concert; military troops will practice maneuvers before entering the battlefield.  One of the greatest challenges of trading psychology is that market participants spend relatively little time in pure practice mode and instead hope to gain their experience by putting their capital at risk.  They even justify this by claiming that practice modes cannot duplicate the pressure and stresses of live trading.  Can you imagine battlefield commanders or professional golfers foregoing practice because the stresses are not the same as in actual performance?  It is precisely by cultivating skills through deliberate practice under increasingly realistic conditions that we develop our mastery.

What happens psychologically is that traders who put their capital at risk too quickly encounter losses and P/L volatility that they are not prepared for.  These are experienced as dangers and threats to one's trading successes.  When we take risk too quickly and when we take too much risk in search of high returns on capital, we create emotional upheaval.  This turmoil does not just go away because we tell ourselves to be disciplined and to have a positive mindset.  It is the nature of trauma to stay with us and to be triggered by future experiences similar to those past losses.  I've described this as the dark side of trading:  with unrealistic expectations of profit and premature risk-taking, traders expose themselves to significant emotional turmoil that ultimately unhinges their future performance.

Because market conditions change frequently, even experienced traders need to revisit their learning curves and gain fresh mastery.  If they continue to trade aggressively and with large size based upon past success, they will be vulnerable to significant drawdowns when market themes, trends, and volatility change.  The most successful traders maintain their high mental Sharpe ratios by quickly detecting market changes, avoiding losses, and returning to a mode of observation and practice to gain mastery in the new regime.  If our overriding need is to get bigger and bigger and make more and more money, it's only a matter of time before we traumatize ourselves.  

The best way to learn is to fail fast.  The best way to fail fast is to fail small.

Further Reading:

Trading Addiction and Trading Trauma

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Greatness as a Mission-Driven Life

 

A heroic life is one driven by a noble purpose, an all-absorbing sense of mission.  Past posts have asked the question, "What is the Path to Your Greatness?" and explored what makes for greatness in life and trading.  When we think of life's heroines and heroes, we inevitably focus on people whose lives have been devoted to a noble purpose and who have persisted in the face of challenge to accomplish things that make the world better.  Not all obsessions are paths to greatness--plenty of traders become obsessed with the ups and downs of markets but never invest in the skills, tools, and processes that would build their mastery.  It is difficult to imagine a great life, however, that does not have an overarching sense of mission that becomes a singular focus and theme.  A great life cannot be lived randomly or comfortably.  It has to be mission-driven, in which activity is organized around constructive purposes and challenges.

As Ayn Rand pointed out, we can forgive many people and their shortcomings, but "not those who lack the courage of their own greatness".  It is difficult to imagine a betrayal greater than avoiding who we are and what we can become.  For many of us, greatness seems to be a bridge too far.  The solution-focus in psychology offers a very different perspective.  It tells us that the answer to our challenges is not simply to fix our problems.  Rather, we need to identify what we are currently doing--even in small measure--to be the person we seek to become.  Greatness consists of doing more and more of what we are already doing when we are at our best.  In the talents and passions we experience in the present, we can identify our future:  our missions and our paths to greatness.  

The first step toward a mission-driven life is to live an hour and then a morning, and then a day absorbed in a purpose that speaks to us and gives us energy.  We know we are on the path of our mission when we achieve the peak states described by Maslow in which we are fully absorbed in what we're doing.  Those flow states are ones in which we find our greatest creativity and productivity.  For many of us, those moments of flow are all too few and fleeting--but they *do* occur.  Our challenge is to identify what we're doing when we're most passionate and turn those peak moments into an enduring sense of mission.  Once we recognize that greatness is not an end point, but rather a process for living life, our mission becomes clear:  to live each day meaningfully, purposefully, and creatively in pursuit of a quest worthy of our greatest efforts.

Further Reading:

Blueprint for an Uncompromised Life:  Part One, Part Two, Part Three

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Revisiting the Momentum Curve: Anticipating Market Turns

 

Back in 2014, I wrote about the Momentum Curve and how it is useful in visualizing market breadth and strength/weakness across different time frames.  It's almost nine years later and I have maintained the Momentum Curve database.  The dataset goes back to 2006 and captures the percentage of stocks in the SPX universe that are above their 3, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 200-day moving averages.  I then look at what the market did going forward, from 1 to 50 days, following various configurations of the curve.

In June, I will be participating in my first webinar in quite a while, as part of the TraderLion conference.  The session will be a group coaching session, in which attendees can bring in their questions and challenges and I will respond with best practices in evidence-based psychology and among successful portfolio managers.  Preceding the coaching session, I will review the Momentum Curve and its application to the present market.  This will offer a nice illustration of how quantitative analyses can great aid our discretionary trading judgement.

As it happens, we recently (on Thursday) hit a point at which fewer than 40% of stocks were trading above their 3, 5, 10, and 20-day averages.  Out of over 4200 days in the database, this has occurred 621 times.  Over every forward time frame, from 1 to 20 days out, the market has--on average--displayed superior returns.  For example, the average next twenty-day return following the oversold occasions has been +1.42% vs. +.55% for the remainder of the sample.  Indeed, we did see a nice trend day higher on Friday.

As the initial article indicates, these analyses provide hypotheses, not firm conclusions.  If we observe a strong historical tendency for a move and then current market behavior follows that tendency, we have the possibility for a trade with the proverbial wind at our back.  I'll offer other examples and applications in the webinar; stay tuned!

Quick update (5/11/23; 9:27 AM ET) - The bounce in the market since the historical study posted above has been choppy at best with very mixed breadth.  If a historical tendency doesn't play out, it's important to ask whether something is making the current situation different or unique.  I'm struck by how few market participants I speak with are taking the prospect of U.S. debt default seriously...by and large, it's not on their radar.  With only two percentage points standing between the former and current U.S. Presidents; the former President speaking favorably about default; and a Speaker who owes his position to supporters of the former President, could we be in for a constitutional crisis?  I find it important to ask questions and use what-if scenarios for trading and financial planning.

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Further Reading:

The Psychology of Quant Analysis

Using Breadth to Track Market Cycles

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The Art of Asking the Right Questions

Note the premise of the Cooperrider quote above:  our questions create our world.  If you want to know--truly know--someone, find out the questions they are asking.  For years, I've participated in recruitment at hedge funds,  helping hire portfolio managers and members of portfolio management teams.  In their interviews, many candidates want to talk about what they know.  Instead, it's worthwhile probing about their questions.  What answers are they seeking?  

Research at multiple money management organizations finds that the number one trait of successful traders is intellectual curiosity.  Not discipline.  Not achievement motivation.  Not the ability to control emotions.  What makes for greatness is the unquenchable desire to learn and know.  Show me a person who isn't actively asking questions and I'll show you someone with a limited capacity to learn and develop.

An important role of trading coaches is helping market participants ask the right questions.  Many times, the questions we find ourselves asking are ones about ourselves:  mistakes we've made, ways we can make more money.  The right questions, however, are often about markets:  how they are moving, what is driving them, the patterns they are displaying.  The focus on trading psychology naturally leads traders to look inward, but the best questions involve the markets and the unique opportunities they are displaying.  It's from new questions that we can generate fresh answers and directions.  I recently began to explore rotational flows within the equity markets: which sectors and industries are strong and weak, and the degree to which they are moving together or separately.  It turns out rotational days display very different opportunities from trending days and need to be traded quite differently.  Focusing on what I think the market will do--and especially on what I want it to do--is a great way to blind myself to what it's actually doing in real time.

What two or three things can I do today to make my day successful and fulfilling?  What can I do to make the week a success, personally and professionally?  What is the one change I can make in my life to improve my relationships?  My energy level?  My connection to my community?  When we ask the right questions, we become more able to live life intentionally. 

Against that backdrop, the one true failure in life is to live an unquestioned--and unquestioning--life.  Life on autopilot is a static life, a life that falls far short of our potential.  Recently I found myself wanting to wake up earlier in the morning and get more accomplished before my usual appointments.  I asked plenty of questions about how I could get myself to start my day earlier.  All were the wrong questions.  Eventually, the right question came to mind:  What could I tackle first thing in the morning that would be so challenging, interesting, and stimulating that I would *have* to wake up early?  The wrong question was about time management.  The right question was about establishing the right priorities.

What are the questions you're asking about your trading?  Your relationships?  Your life?  Those questions will define the answers you find and, ultimately, they will shape the world in which you live.  

Further Reading:

Purpose, Passion, and Why Traders Fail

Is Your Trading Purpose-Full? 

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Three Best Practices for Making Lasting Life Changes

 

When my colleagues and I reviewed the research literature on psychological change processes, an interesting finding came to light:  It's relatively easy to make changes and relatively difficult to sustain those changes.  This is best appreciated in the field of addiction psychology, where relapse is viewed as an intrinsic part of the change process.  Much of what is written in the area of trading psychology focuses on making changes, with less focus on ways of making those changes stick.  Too often, our efforts at change are like our New Year's resolutions:  well-intended, but fleeting.  Fortunately, research in psychology points the way to making changes last.  Here are three best practices that can help us turn negative patterns around, build new and healthy patterns, and make those changes enduring parts of our lives:

1)  Associate your desired changes with distinctive states of mind and body - Perhaps the most important finding from the aforementioned review was that change is much more likely to last if it is accompanied by shifts in emotional experiencing.  In counseling and therapy, for example, people are most likely to change and hold onto their changes if they are  frustrated by their old patterns and enthusiastically involved in the change process.  Simple talk with a coach or counselor, in itself, is not enough.  It's when we acutely feel the need for change and are eagerly involved in making changes that we are most likely to internalize new ways of doing and viewing.  I recently spoke with my grandson, Ed, who has made a daily commitment to hitting the gym and engaging in rigorous workouts.  Interestingly, as his body has developed, so has his mindset.  In the pumped up state, he internalizes a new sense of himself--and that carries over to many areas of his life.  Similarly, traders I've worked with have reached out to teammates and peers to make a new process a shared experience, creating a fresh social/interactive source of motivation.  Energized by the experience of mutual discovery, those traders find themselves more focused and energized in their trading.

2)  Integrate your desired changes into your daily routine - Ultimately, we want to turn our changes into positive habit patterns, so that we don't have to rely on motivation to do the right things.  What I have found most helpful is to make my desired actions a part of my early morning routine, so that each day begins as a change experience.  Suppose, for instance, that we wanted to develop ourselves spiritually.  Simply thinking spiritual things or reading spiritual texts won't necessarily help us internalize our own spirituality.  Engaging in active prayer or meditation each morning, on the other hand, provides us with a daily, positive, soul-full experience.  Similarly, if we want to become a more caring and loving family member, we have to go beyond good intentions and thoughts and actively set aside time each day for quality time with our loved ones.  Yes, I wake up early in the morning and give my cats food and water and hugs because I love them, but it's equally true that I love them because I spend committed time with them each day.  We become what we do.  A great way to make large changes is to make small changes consistently and build on those.

3)  Keep doing new things - Routine is necessary to build positive habit patterns, but life becomes stale when it is dominated by routine.  Yes, we have reliable and consistent trading processes--and we need those--but we grow when we tackle fresh ways of trading, new markets, and different strategies.  Of course, we engage in those new efforts with small size initially so that we can survive our learning curves, but the joy of discovery and learning pays significant dividends that energize all of our work.  When we make innovation part of our personal and professional lives, we engage in an evolutionary process, where each new thing that we do is a "mutation".  Many of these novelties will not have adaptive value--hence the wisdom of "fail fast"--but the few that thrive will sustain our development and become springboards for yet further innovations.  Imagine tackling one innovation each week.  If only 10% of those efforts prove useful in the long run, we will have gained five profitable additions to our trading.  There are other benefits as well.  Psychologically, the excitement of discovery provides us with the fuel to sustain new learning and, over time, enables us to internalize a sense of creativity and productivity.

There is so much more to changing our lives--and our trading--than writing in a journal and adding items to our "to-do" lists.  Expanding our routine keeps us locked in routine.  Change comes from fresh experience:  it's a function of doing new things in new ways and regularly reshaping our routines.  To build on Churchill's insight above, to change often--and find our perfection--we must live life creatively. 

Further Reading:

Cultivating Winning Habits

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How to Assess the Personality of the Stock Market

 

Unsuccessful traders look for markets to trade in a style that fits *their* personality.  They look for momentum or trend or reversals of "overbought" or "oversold" moves.  By imposing their biases on markets, they become inflexible and unable to adapt when the market's personality changes.  

Lately, we've seen the stock market's personality shift literally from day to day, as range-bound action has alternated with strong directional moves.  Traders who expect the market to follow themes related to macro and fundamental developments (shifts in inflation, interest rates, economic data, earnings, etc.) have found this rapid shifting of market action to be challenging.  Many traders look for consistency from day to day--thematic continuity--when the market is behaving more like a market of stocks than a unified stock market.  Consider:  over 70% of consumer discretionary stocks (XLY) and energy shares (XLE) closed over their respective five-day moving averages on Friday, but that was true for only a bit over 30% of consumer staples stocks (XLP) and only 20% of real-estate shares (XLRE).

The opposite of a trending stock market is not a choppy market.  The opposite of a trending market is a rotational market.  Many times, the market will indeed follow themes, but the themes play themselves out in relative terms.  Perhaps growth stocks are outperforming defensive sectors; perhaps small caps are outperforming large cap stocks.  The patterns of what is strong and what is weak define the themes for a given market session.  

Part of the challenge of short-term trading is that we cannot blindly assume that yesterday's patterns of strength and weakness will play themselves out today.  Rather, we have to first sit back and observe the various components of the market and how they're behaving to identify today's market personality.  This is key to trading psychology:  an active trader (as opposed to an investor) does not attempt to predict market action based on top-down criteria.  The active trader waits to see the bottom-up activity that reveals the patterns of trading here and now.

Several tools are helpful in assessing the market's personality from day to day:

1)  Volume (and especially relative volume) - How does the volume at a give time of day today compare to yesterday's volume at that time of day and the usual volume at that time of day?  If volume expands meaningfully, we want to see how stocks are behaving with the new market participation.  This will tell us who is participating and whether that participation is showing up in trending behavior or in the relative strength of one market segment vs. another.  Conversely, when volume dries up, we want to see how different parts of the market are impacted by the lack of participation.  What moves directionally in a quiet market tells us an important story.

2)  NYSE TICK - How many stocks are trading on upticks vs. downticks as we move forward in the session and--most crucially--how is the upticking or downticking impacting the price of various segments of the market?  We recently had a range-bound day in the morning that displayed strong selling pressure with negative TICK numbers.  Many parts of the market failed to make new lows on this selling.  The absorption of the selling pressure alerted the savvy trader that sellers would be trapped and, sure enough, their covering helped create a trending move during the day.  Very often, new extremes in the TICK numbers alert us to strong buying or selling interest--and how that interest moves the market (and different parts of the market) tells an important story.

3)  Short-term overbought/oversold readings - I use the adaptive moving average system from John Ehlers, which shows how shorter-term moving averages cross below and above longer-term ones.  The adaptive part is that the readings for short-term and longer-term change depending upon the cyclical character of the market.  As Ehlers has pointed out, this helps remove whipsaws from the indicator.  Basically I want to see short-term oversold levels occurring at successively higher price lows or short-term overbought levels occurring at successively lower price highs.  When sector ETFs show different patterns of overbought and oversold, that highlights a rotational market.  In a strongly trending market, the cyclical quality of the price action will break down and we will get prolonged overbought or oversold readings across multiple market sectors.

An important edge comes from being quicker than other participants to see how the market's character is playing itself out--and how it might be changing over time.  Many traders underperform because they fail to see relative themes playing out in real time.  If your trading is habitually bullish or bearish, you know that you're not doing a good job of assessing and following the personality of the market.

Further Reading:

Adapting to Changing Markets

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What Makes for Success: Five Perspectives From Trading Psychology

 

Here are a few observations from my recent research and work with traders:

1)  The success of a trader is directly related to the speed by which they turn losing trades and drawdowns into actionable improvements.  The best traders engage in active review processes to ensure that they learn from setbacks.  Those reviews also allow them to learn from successes.  A major source of poor performance among traders is failing to engage in timely and regular deliberate practice.  Successful market participants study themselves intensively, just as they study markets intensively.  Unsuccessful participants don't study; they are too busy trading.

2)  There are two types of traders:  a) those who are risk-takers and need to learn to limit losses; and b) those who are risk-minimizers and need to expand gains.  We tend to manage our trading the way we manage risks and rewards in other areas of life, because--ultimately--we are managing ourselves emotionally.  The challenge is to understand how we are wired and how to best express and manage that in our trading.  Many trading problems occur when we attempt to take risk in ways that interfere with our self-management.

3)  I'm hearing more from relatively inexperienced traders who are harvesting money by selling option premium.  It makes me cautious.  The history of 2023 thus far has been for game-changing news to greatly impact how markets trade--and how they trade relative to one another.  Note the recent interest in the shadow banking system and its vulnerabilities:  here, here, and here.  After recent banking concerns, it wouldn't take much of a headline to throw markets into a tizzy.  The idea is to maintain flexibility even when acting decisively.  Maintaining "conviction" has not worked well for many traders thus far this year.

4)  Recent posts have focused on breadth as measured sector-by-sector--and especially the phenomenon of breadth thrusts.  My latest research examines differences in breadth between U.S. sectors and how these are related to SPX returns going forward.  At present, consumer staples shares are outperforming consumer discretionary stocks by a pretty good margin over 5 and 20-day periods.  Going back to 2020, when that has occurred, next 10-20 day SPX returns have been negative and significantly below average.  Shifts to more defensive positioning among sectors appear to precede overall market weakness, an idea I'll be exploring in detail going forward.  Breadth shifts may be as important to forward returns as breadth thrusts.

5)  Imagine that you are at a racetrack and you are allowed to alter your bets at set intervals during the race.  No doubt you would alter your risk taking as the race evolves.  The best traders develop good bets, but then actively update risk and reward over the life of the trade to maximize gains and minimize losses.  The inability to update one's "bets" in the face of changing market conditions has been a major source of performance problems so far this year.  Many traders lack a robust process for walking forward and updating risk and reward in real time.

Further Reading:

Overcoming Self-Criticism and Trading on Tilt

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Breadth Thrusts in the Stock Market: What Comes Next?

 

The previous post noted a late week bounce in stocks that had a defensive quality, with consumer staples and utility shares outpacing stocks in such sectors as energy and consumer discretionary.  On Monday there was another bounce, but the percentage of energy shares above their five-day moving averages went from about 22% to almost 96%.  The beaten down real estate stocks went from 43% to 63%; financials went from 17% to 58%.  Consumer discretionary shares went from 25% to 46%.  Tuesday the overall market (SPY) dipped, but again we saw a rising percentage of XLY, XLE, XLF, and XLRE stocks above their five-day averages.  By Wednesday, fully 94% of all SPX stocks were trading above their five-day moving averages.  In other words, we went from a defensive market theme to an aggressive one, creating a breadth thrust:  the great majority of shares participated to the upside.  This strength continued through the week.  The change of market theme was signaled by a shift in the patterning of market breadth.

So what does this market breadth thrust suggest going forward?  We can look from two perspectives:

1)  The presence of strength - I went back to 2006 and identified all market occasions in which more than 90% of SPX stocks were above their 3, 5, and 10-day moving averages at the same time.  Interestingly, out of well over 4000 market days, this only occurred on 42 occasions.  Over the next five trading sessions, the market was down by an average of -.26%, compared with a gain of +.18% for the remainder of the sample.  No particular edge here, even going out 20 days.  Returns over a next 20-day period were volatile, with 17 of the 42 occasions rising or falling by over 5%.

2)  The absence of weakness - If we get a true breadth thrust, we should see very few stocks demonstrating weakness.  I track the number of NYSE stocks giving sell signals on two technical indicator measures:  the Bollinger Bands and the Parabolic SAR.  These track price action over differing time periods.   On Friday, we had 10 or fewer stocks giving sell signals on both measures.  Out of almost 900 market days in my database, this only occurred on 7 occasions.  Again, very unusual.  The number of occasions is too small for reliable statistical inference, but it is noteworthy that the market overall underperformed over the next ten trading sessions and outperformed 30 days out.  Most interesting, four of those seven instances occurred as a cluster in April of 2020.  The question this invites is whether the current period (possible Fed pivot in rate policy due to bank concerns) is similar to the 2020 period (Fed pivot in the face of COVID impact).

Analyses such as these are meant to help in the formulation of credible market hypotheses, not the generation of infallible ideas.  Breadth thrust may be most important in the context in which it occurs.  If it occurs as a "blowoff" following a period of strength, we would expect volatile and negative returns going forward.  If it occurs following a protracted selloff, we would expect volatile and positive returns going forward as a function of short-covering and new buying.  At present, I'm open to the notion that we are, indeed, seeing a regime shift in the stock market, reflecting a change in central bank policy.  If that is the case, near-term weakness could become an opportunity to participate in longer-term cyclical strength.

Further Reading:

What Market Strength Told Us Earlier This Year

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Understanding Market Themes From Sector Breadth

 

For years, I have kept breadth data on the overall stock market, tracking shares making fresh highs and lows over various periods and the percentages of stocks trading above their short, medium, and longer-term moving averages.  What I've found is that shifts in breadth often precede shifts in overall market direction.  This is because certain parts of the market will break down or rebound ahead of the market averages.  Conversely, during trending moves, we will see the great majority of shares participate in market rises or declines.  The breadth extremes are an excellent alert for overall market momentum.

This is a good example of how trading psychology is about the market's psychology, not just about our personal emotions and behaviors.  Breadth data are helpful in tracking changes in the sentiment of market participants.  

Recently, I have built out spreadsheets that track breadth on a sector by sector basis, as well as breadth for various factors such as small cap vs. large cap and growth vs. value.  The idea is that the patterning of breadth changes among the sectors helps us track market themes.  

So let's take an example from the recent market (data from the excellent Barchart site):

In the last two trading sessions of the past week, the overall SPX moved higher by almost 1%.  Overall short-term breadth (stocks trading above their five-day moving averages), rose from about 26% to about 45%.  Interestingly, over that same time, the same breadth for consumer discretionary stocks went from about 20% to 25%.  The breadth for consumer staples shares went from 27% to 85%.  The breadth of energy stocks went from 61% to 22%; the breadth of financial shares went from 25% to 17% and the breadth of utility stocks rose from 0% to 73%.  

This tells us several important things:

1)  The move higher has not been a broad trending move.  It is quite mixed.

2)  The move higher has benefited more defensive sectors (consumer staples, utilities) and not sectors that reflect economic growth (consumer discretionary, energy).

3)  The recent reassurances regarding the banking sector of the economy have not yet pushed financial shares meaningfully higher.

When we couple the pattern of market breadth with the movement of interest rates (lower), we again see defensive buying (bonds).  Interestingly, large cap tech stocks have similarly acted as a relative safe haven, with breadth over the past two sessions moving from 26% to 54%.

The bottom line is that the patterning of breadth reflects a defensive market with lower rates, suggesting concerns regarding recession.  In tracking breadth going forward, I will want to see if the recessionary hypothesis/theme gains traction or reverses.  The shifts in the patterning of breadth among equities, as well as the shifts among asset classes and geographic regions, allow us to update our forecasts for markets and economies.  This enables us to be open-minded and flexible, even as we assertively pursue themes in play.

Further Reading:

How to Trade:  Breadth, Strength, Momentum

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Making Passion Your Purpose

 

This post begins with a music video, old concert footage of Neil Young and company doing "Like a Hurricane".  It's a great song, but the important thing is to watch Neil during the two extended guitar solos.  This is not someone playing a song; it's the song playing itself through him.  The passion with which he plays is tangible.  Living life passionately is not easy, but as Neil observed, "It's better to burn out than to fade away".

A lot of us are fading away.  We're doing the same things.  We do the same things the same way and glorify it as "discipline" and "process".  We focus on working harder until we forget how to truly play.  We track all that we do in efforts at improvement until little is left to spontaneity.  If we approached romantic relationships the way the approach markets, we would quickly lose all passion and life together would become little more than a well-oiled routine.

If we are to make passion our purpose, then we have to make time for the new and different:  new experiences, fresh perspectives, expanded relationships, and opportunities to truly feel what we're doing.  The challenge of peak performance is maintaining the spirit and energy of what we're doing even as we work on improvement and mastery.  That is why the practice sessions of great teams--athletic teams, military teams--combine exercises that rouse motivation and teamwork with exercises that build skills.  Go into any locker room at halftime:  the great teams will fire themselves up, not unlike Neil Young's absorption in his music.

Wanting to make money is not passion.  Filling out trading journals and reviewing performance is not passion.  All these are necessary, but not sufficient for peak performance.  Passion comes from absorbing ourselves in what we love.

What do you love about markets?  How can you so absorb yourself in that love that your trading takes on the quality of Neil Young's guitar solos?  

Or are you working so hard to take emotion out of your trading that your trading career is fast-becoming a passionless romance?

This past week I've created a historical database of breadth statistics for a wide variety of market sectors, so that it's possible to see where money is flowing in and out of the market--and then backtest the significance of such shifts.  That is leading to new discoveries--new ways of detecting market regime changes in real time--and that fires up the passion.  More to come--

Further Reading:

Passion, Purpose, and Why Traders Fail

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Broad Stock Market Selloff: What Comes Next?

 

If everyone agreed on the value of an asset, there would be no price movement.  When price movement becomes volatile, we know that there is meaningful disagreement regarding value.  This was an important dynamic in the stock market this past week.  Let's see if we can look at the market from a data-driven perspective and gain some insight into what was going on--and what that could mean going forward.

The first important piece of information was that the past week's selloff was indeed broad.  Consider the following:  Out of the 500 stocks in the SPX average, the number making five-day new lows minus the number making five-day new highs was 442, and the number making twenty-day new lows minus new highs was 331.  The percentage of stocks in the SPX universe closing above their five-day moving averages was 1.98.  Only a little over 6% of stocks closed above their five-day averages.  Everything.  Was.  Weak.

The second important piece of information was that trading following the news of the SVB failure significantly differed from the trading up to that point.  Prior to the news, we were seeing weak stocks and weak bonds, as traders feared that inflation would be "sticky" and that the Federal Reserve Bank would need to raise rates more than expected earlier.  Following the news, selling became much more intense.  We saw elevated volume, elevated implied volatility readings (VIX), and elevated negative NYSE TICK numbers.  Indeed, the first tell that the SVB news was a game changer was the persistent TICK readings below -1000.  That can only occur when there is aggressive selling of large baskets of stocks.

The third important piece of information was that correlations within and across markets shifted dramatically.  Financial shares, such as those making up the XLF ETF, aggressively led the downside.  Fixed income, which had been trading lower in anticipation of higher yields, became a safe haven and rallied aggressively.  The market's narrative had changed from strong economy/inflation/higher rates to bank failure/economic uncertainty.  It would have been difficult for market participants to detect this regime change if they were not tracking volatility, volume, breadth, and market correlations.

So what might follow from such a selloff?  I went to my breadth database, which goes back to 2010, and I identified all occasions in which over 400 of the SPX 500 stocks closed at five-day lows and over half closed at 20-day lows.  Out of 3298 market days, only 38 met these criteria.  In other words, such broad selloffs have been rare.  Interestingly, instances of these selloffs have tended to cluster.  We had four occasions in early 2020; four in late 2018; three in August of 2015; and seven from August to November, 2011.  Across all 38 instances, there was a tendency to bounce the next day (24 up, 14 down for an average gain of +.93% vs. +.03% for the rest of the sample).  By ten days later, there was no upside edge whatsoever.  What was striking was that, over the next ten days, the market moved up or down more than 4% on fifteen of the occasions.  In other words, volatility tended to persist; direction was a crapshoot.

There is a temptation among short-term traders to look for bounces in assets that are oversold.  The problem with this idea is that we need to understand *why* we have gotten to such an oversold point.  The recent market activity has been abnormal.  That is why only a little more than 1% of days since 2010 have shown such weakness.  When a bank is at risk of failing and other banks are moving lower in sympathy, the result is a level of volatility that tells us that investors are questioning underlying value.  The first step in charting a trading or investing strategy is to recognize that we have entered relatively uncharted waters.  Trading with "discipline" and blindly following the "setups" and ideas from earlier this month is dangerous indeed.

Further Reading:

Using Breadth and Strength to Track Market Cycles

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The Most Important Factor in Successful Relationships

 

As I emphasized in the Trading Psychology 2.0 book, research in psychology is clear that we are most productive, creative, and successful when we experience high levels of happiness, fulfillment, energy, and closeness to others.  This is an important reason why burnout is such a risk in high performance fields.  Once we prioritize tasks over our well-being, we drain ourselves of the very things that we need to be at our best.  Imagine if someone cared about you and said, "I want to spend more time with you" and you responded, "I don't have time for you!"  That would never happen in a truly loving relationship, but it's basically how many of us relate to ourselves.  

Abraham Maslow, the well-known psychologist, made the distinction between deficit needs and being needs.  A deficit need is one in which I try to fill something missing in myself.  For example, if I don't feel that I am lovable as I am, I may seek a partner who is so needy that they will stay with me.  I am filling a gap in my life--and in my self-esteem.  If I am secure and want to maximize my life, I will seek a partner for their values, strengths, and achievements.  Indeed, in a good relationship, a partner typically possesses strengths that we lack.  That is how relationships make us better:  we absorb the positive qualities of who we are with.  If, however, I'm threatened by the strengths of the other person, I will respond to them with insecurity and defensiveness and, eventually, the relationship will fail.

Good relationships are built on a foundation of positives.  Unsuccessful relationships are fundamentally self-focused, using other people to (vainly) fill our gaps.  When we seek out people based on their needs, their growth and development become threats to us.  That is how many marriages end.

This is as true in work relationships as personal ones.  A great hire for a team is someone who makes everyone else better with unique skills and experience.  A secure manager looks for people who make them better; an insecure manager looks for people who won't leave them.  A secure leader celebrates the successes of others; an insecure manager responds with envy.

The most important factor in successful relationships is the desire to find people who are better than us in some areas of life.  We become who we surround ourselves by.  Our approach to relationships can either become an engine of growth or a prison of insecurity.

Further Reading:

Our Relationships Shape Our Relationship With Ourselves

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The Most Common Weakness I Observe Among Traders

 

There is a myth among developing traders that all you need to do for success is find a style of trading that fits your personality and then stick to that style with discipline and consistency.

What nonsense.

Consider other performance domains, such as basketball or surgery or opera singing.  Does a basketball team stick with a single defensive style regardless of the competition?  Do surgeons follow techniques based upon their personalities or based on objective scientific data?  Do professional singers adopt the same style to every composition they perform? 

The reality is that high performance professionals learn to adapt their styles to the conditions of performance.  A tennis player adapts to clay and grass courts.  A football team adapts to changing defensive alignments.  Actors adapt to their roles.

The most common weakness I observe among traders is that they seek a style of trading and attempt to fit that style into all market conditions.  For example, a trader may seek to profit from trend or momentum, only to become frustrated when markets are "choppy"  A trader may seek to trade one time frame when market cycles operate on very different scales.

My favorite analogy for this situation is the dancer who has a single style of dancing regardless of the music playing.  While everyone else is slow-dancing to a waltz, they are thrashing about, mosh-pit style.  Then they wonder why no one will dance with them...

The first question a trader must ask is not about "setups" and what is moving.  The first question is:  How is this market behaving and does that behavior present opportunities that I can exploit?  Before you start dancing, you listen to the music.  Before you begin surgery, you study the patient's condition.

Having a single style that you impose across all markets is not discipline; it is inflexibility.  Some of the best market opportunities come from occasions when trades that had been working suddenly don't work.  That can be a wonderful heads-up that conditions have changed and that it's time to adapt.

Further Reading:

The Challenge of Adapting to Changing Markets

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Reaching Your Goals Through Gentle Power

 

In her remarkable book Gentle Power, Emilia Elisabet Lahti describes how true leadership requires an integration of strength and power on one hand and love and gentleness on the other.  The combination of these qualities creates a trait known in Finland as sisu.  It is through sisu that we are able to persevere under challenging conditions, transcending fatigue and frustration to find our emotional and spiritual second wind.  A while back, I wrote an article pertinent to sisu, citing the mixed martial arts accomplishments of Kyle Maynard, who was born without arms and legs.  Interestingly, Maynard practiced for his bouts by mentally rehearsing all his anxieties and fears in advance.  By training himself to face his greatest fears, he built his mental strength.

Lahti would view this as an excellent example of gentle power:  facing adversity, but in a manner that is supportive and constructive.  In the Gentle Power book, she describes her incredible 50-day running journey across New Zealand, in which she ran the equivalent of a marathon each day.  She was accompanied by a single trainer and otherwise faced each day in solitary contemplation.  On the twelfth day of the journey, she was overcome with pain and swelling.  As she ran, the insight came to her, "The pain ends when you make it end".  She realized that, all her life, it had been easier for her to be hard on herself than merciful.  That insight led her to take a break from the run, allow herself to heal, and ultimately finish the route.  She found a way to persevere:  by supporting herself.

How relevant this idea is for all of us who participate in performance activities.  Our very achievement orientation and desire to win make it easier for us to be hard on ourselves than supportive.  The idea is not to give up on our quest; nor is it to allow our quest to drive ourselves into the ground.  Only through the sisu of gentle power can we find ways to move forward that also take care of us.  As Lahti points out, this is tremendously important for leadership.  As a team, we must push ourselves, but in ways that preserve teamwork and the bonds of mutual support.

Our life is our ultramarathon quest.  Whether and how we finish will depend upon our power--and our gentleness.

Further Reading:

Passion and Persistence

Renewing the Spirit by Renewing the Body

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Our Physical Experience Shapes Our Mindset

 

In a recent post, I highlighted the role of physical experience in our psychological states.  That post raised a fascinating possibility:

Could it be the case that, just as we read others through their "body language", we process our experiences of ourselves through our bodily states?  What if we are continuously reading our own body language and internalizing what we're reading as our self-image, self-concept, and self-esteem? 

Most of us are familiar with the cognitive framework in which what we think influences how we feel.  There is undeniable importance to this perspective.  If we immerse ourselves in negative self-talk, it's inevitable that we will feel anxious, depressed, frustrated, and resentful.  Equally important is the observation that we are much more likely to lapse into negative self-talk when we lack energy and vitality.  

Suppose we are trying to grow a beautiful garden.  We could select the best flowers and plants and plant the best seeds we can find.  Ultimately, however, the garden will not thrive unless we attend to the soil and water.  What is good for the roots ultimately shapes the beauty of the flowers.

Most psychology is "top-down":  change your behavior by changing your mind.

What if, however, we are more like the garden and need to grow from "bottom-up"?

The important insight in the above quote is that "we are continuously reading our own body language and internalizing" our experience.  Is there a relationship between how we move our bodies and our mood?  Our energy level?  Is there a relationship between how we breathe and how we experience the world?  Is there a relationship between the strength and flexibility of our bodies and our overall energy level and life perspective?

When we are trapped in negative habit patterns, might those be the result of our imprisonment in routine physical states?

Can we expect to have a fresh and energized trading psychology when our bodies are sitting inertly for hours at a time, staring at screens?

If we want to change our mindset, perhaps the most important question is, "What can I be doing right here, right now, to produce the mindset I want?"  We change by doing.  We become our experience:  that is our water and soil.

Further Reading:

Using Our Bodies to Program Our Minds

Body as Gateway to Mind

Renewing Mind by Renewing Body

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What is the Path to Your Greatness?

 

Many traders long for great profits.  How many do truly great things to achieve those profits?  If you were to do the things that would earn unusually positive returns, you would be doing unique things--you would be far from consensus.  You would have unique ways of generating ideas and managing the positions based on those ideas. You would have an ongoing pipeline of projects to get better and better and exploit new and different market conditions.  You would not be a one-trick pony making money in bull or bear markets or in conditions of volatility.  You would cultivate ways of succeeding across many market conditions.

Most importantly, great people don't magically achieve their status.  Their greatness comes from doing unique and special things each day, each week.  I invite you to read this older post:  It asks the important question, "How can people experience themselves greatly if there's no single thing during the day that they undertake in an exemplary way?"

Greatness does not come from working harder at routine activities.  It comes from expanding ourselves beyond those routines.  Creative geniuses by definition operate outside the box in much of what they do.  Because they pursue what speaks to them, they are able to achieve unusual levels of absorption and productivity, fueling the development of expertise. 

What speaks to you?  What are the little things you do greatly?  You will find your greatest success by building upon the exemplary things you already do with passion and uniqueness.

Further Reading:

The Role of Creative Insight in Trading

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Changing Your Trading Psychology By Changing Your Body

 

A fascinating finding from research in psychology is that lasting changes in thought, feeling, and behavior require processing of our experience in states of heightened emotional arousal.  When we are in novel modes of consciousness, we become more open to new ways of viewing ourselves and the world.  One of the most powerful gateways to shifts in our states of awareness is the body.  We see this in meditation, yoga, and hypnosis.  We also see this principle at work in psychotherapy, when the enhanced emotional experience of a relationship with a therapist helps us get in touch with feelings and opens the door to new perspectives on ourselves.  Think about visualization exercises in behavioral work or self-talk exercises in cognitive therapy.  We change our viewing by shifting our doing.

Of course, we don't need to be in therapy to enhance our states of awareness and our physical states.  Indeed, there is much to be said for using our physical states during the day to keep ourselves from falling into the ruts of routine.  Research in psychology tells us that high levels of positive emotional experience (well-being) are essential to optimal productivity and creativity.  An important dimension of well-being is our energy level.  We cannot expect to be dynamic people or performers living in static bodies.

Many of our most successful change efforts begin with the body.  We can use our bodies to program our minds, as in biofeedback and self-hypnosis, enabling us greater access to our "gut" intuitions.  In a prior post, I noted that what we internalize is much more a function of what we do than what we say and think.  How we move the body greatly impacts our psychology.  Think about how different kinds of dance impact our experience; think about how we use anchoring to cement new behaviors.  Across the great religious and spiritual traditions of the world, we see how the body is a gateway to change, as in the case of fasting and shifting the body during prayer.

In her insightful and practical book Body Aware, Erica Hornthal, a licensed therapist and dance therapist, explains how utilizing the body to promote change is not just about physical exercise.  How we move--from hour to hour and day to day--greatly impacts our experience of ourselves.  "It is through the body that permanent change occurs, ultimately bringing new patterns of thought and speech...We must address how the body is wired, or in some cases 'miswired,' to fundamentally rewire the mind.  A body that is stretched by new experiences changes the mind's dimensions forever" (p. 74).    

Could it be the case that, just as we read others through their "body language", we process our experiences of ourselves through our bodily states?  What if we are continuously reading our own body language and internalizing what we're reading as our self-image, self-concept, and self-esteem?  As traders, we could be religiously keeping journals, studying markets, and collaborating with others, but if we are physically inert, not eating well, and not getting optimal sleep, can we expect to be truly open to fresh learning from our reviews and teamwork?  We can set goals and push for greater performance, but if we're experiencing ourselves as static and constrained, will we ever truly internalize the right mindsets?  As Erica Hornthal notes, a resilient mindset begins with a resilient body.

Further Reading:

Radical Renewal - The Spirituality of Trading

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